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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Réinventer l'homme</h1>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="1170" data-author-bio="Even-Israel (Steinsaltz), Adin"><a title="Browse more articles by Even-Israel (Steinsaltz), Adin" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/1170/jewish/Even-Israel-Steinsaltz-Adin.htm">par Rav Adin Even-Israel (Steinsaltz)</a></span>
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<p><b><i><font size="2">Discours prononcé par le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36661">Rav</span> Adin Even Israël (Steinsaltz) le 17 Juin 2004 lors d'une conférence à la bibliothèque JFK de Boston à l'occasion du dixième <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="30833">yahrtzeit</span> du Rabbi de Loubavitch.</font></i></b></p>
<p>Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33943">Talmud</span> (Eroubin 13b) rapporte un surprenant débat, vieux de quelque 2000 ans, entre les deux écoles de pensée et de hala’ha, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35984">Beth</span> Chammaï et <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="28865">Beth Hillel</span> . Que vaut-il mieux pour l'homme: d'avoir ou non été créé? Pendant deux ans et demi, les deux écoles s'opposèrent jusqu'à ce qu'elles conclussent par la négative: une fois que l'homme est né, qu’il fasse donc du mieux qu’il puisse!</p>
<p>On connaît des centaines de débats entre Beth Chammaï et Beth <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33664">Hillel</span>; la plupart porte sur les lois de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35052">Torah</span> ou sur le rituel. Quelle est donc l’origine de leur désaccord?</p>
<p>Beth Chammaï représente le camp des idéalistes, Beth Hillel celui des réalistes. Beth Chammaï raisonne en termes de tableau parfait, d'existence idéale. Beth Hillel considère, quant à lui, cette dernière existence telle qu'elle est, pour ainsi dire, “les choses étant ce qu'elles sont”.</p>
<p>C’est que Chammaï et tous ses élèves planaient dans les hauteurs célestes. Hillel et ses disciples s’obligeaient en revanche à regarder en face les problèmes et les situations, telles qu’elles se présentent au sein de notre monde. Cette différence d’approche explique sans doute bien de leurs désaccords.</p>
<p>De nos jours, c’est l’opinion de Beth Hillel qui gouverne; cependant, lors de l’avènement des temps messianiques, l’avis de Beth Chammaï prévaudra et aura force de loi.</p>
<p>Tout dépend donc du regard que l’on porte sur le monde et sur l’existence que nous concevons pour nous-mêmes. “Qu’est-ce que l’être humain?” Selon Hillel, dans un monde où règne l’imperfection, il faut savoir s’adapter à un tel environnement; dès lors, la vraie question porte plutôt sur notre manière d’être. Chammaï, quant à lui, refuse d’ignorer la grande fresque, fût-elle théorique. Pour lui, il ne suffit pas d’accomplir son devoir, encore faut-il que cela ajoute quelque chose au grand tableau.</p>
<p>À bien des égards, l’homme ne justifie pas tous les efforts portés à sa création. La vie de tous les jours n'est-elle pas imprégnée de méfaits commis par les gens sans qu'ils n'y accordent pour autant la moindre importance? Malgré cela, Hillel préfère conserver un regard positif sur le genre humain: après tout, si nous sommes déjà là sur terre, autant essayer d’accomplir quelque chose. Chammaï, lui, insiste pour mesurer l’homme au regard de son potentiel. Dès lors, les imperfections humaines ne peuvent qu’apparaître sans nombre. Le psalmiste ne se fait-il pas l'écho de l'interrogation des anges: “Qu’est-ce que l’homme pour que Tu penses à lui?”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Le plus remarquable chez le Rabbi de Loubavitch, dans tout ce qu’il a accompli, dans les fragments de ses conversations avec les gens que l'on a pu discerner, pratiquement dans chacune de ses phrases écrites ou parlées, c’était sa formidable énergie. Comme s’il fallait se surpasser à chaque instant, en faire toujours et encore plus.</p>
<p>J’en ai moi-même fait l’expérience dans ma propre relation avec le Rabbi. Il y a plus de douze ans, j’ai adressé une lettre au Rabbi où je lui décrivais mes nombreuses activités. Je lui écrivis qu’un de mes projets représentait suffisamment de travail pour m’occuper, quotidiennement, toute la journée. Un deuxième projet était lui aussi en mesure de m’accaparer vingt-quatre heures sur vingt-quatre. Et de même pour une troisième entreprise. J’indiquais donc au Rabbi qu’il me paraissait difficile de tout faire à la fois : chaque jour était encore plus ardu que le précédent, en bref, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35834">trop</span>, c’était <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/817346/jewish/Who-Made-Up-the-Way-We-Sing-the-Torah.htm" title="Who Made Up the Way We Sing the Torah?">trop</a>. Et pour conclure je lui demandais conseil : “Quelles devraient être mes priorités? Quel projet devrais-je abandonner?” La réponse du Rabbi – c’est d’ailleurs là la dernière lettre que je devais recevoir - fut des plus claires: “Poursuivez toutes vos activités présentes et multipliez-les!”</p>
<p>Le Rabbi de Loubavitch avait cette même exigence pour tout le monde.</p>
<p>Comment l’expliquer? Peut-être au travers de cette vieille et fameuse anecdote. Un fermier vint un jour se plaindre auprès de son rabbi à propos de l'exiguïté de sa maison pleine d’enfants à craquer. La situation lui était devenue insupportable. Le rabbi lui proposa alors d’amener chez lui une chèvre, ce genre de chèvre bruyante, sale et nauséabonde. Sans tarder, le fermier revint chez son rabbi en se plaignant à nouveau: “Tout va de mal en pis”. Le rabbi lui conseilla alors de renvoyer la chèvre. Très peu de temps après, notre paysan rendit à nouveau visite à son rabbi, mais cette fois pour le remercier: quelle maison magnifique était la sienne à présent!</p>
<p>L’approche du Rabbi de Loubavitch était à la fois similaire et cependant très différente. Lorsque les gens se plaignaient de leur dur labeur, il leur donnait encore plus de travail. Et s’ils venaient à se lamenter de ce surcroît, il leur ajoutait encore d’autres besognes! Non seulement leur demandait-il d’amener une chèvre à la maison, mais il leur envoyait en plus des chameaux à y faire pénétrer! Telle était là sa manière de travailler, et lorsque quelqu’un affichait son incapacité à affronter la charge de travail ou les difficultés rencontrées, le Rabbi suggérait invariablement d’accumuler encore d’autres tâches.</p>
<p>De toute évidence, une telle approche défie les lois de la nature. Tout espace est restreint par sa taille et chacun de nous se trouve confiné au sein des limites de notre propre condition humaine. Que faisait donc le Rabbi? Comment pouvait-il à ce point surcharger les gens? Qu’on me permette d’apporter une réponse puisée dans le domaine de la physique. En physique, lorsqu’on applique une pression grandissante sur un objet, à partir d’un certain niveau, ce dernier devient incapable de résister à une telle pression. Et lorsqu’on continue à appliquer dix ou cent fois cette même pression, un phénomène se produit: les molécules croulent ou s’effondrent et la nature même de l’objet se métamorphose. En astronomie, il existe un autre phénomène, celui des “naines blanches”. Il s’agit là de petites étoiles, de la taille de notre globe terrestre, parfois même encore plus petites. La masse qu’elles contiennent correspond néanmoins à plusieurs fois celle du soleil. Chaque centimètre cube pèse plusieurs tonnes. Pour quelle raison? Parce que la matière s’est effondrée pour se transformer en une entité différente, alors que les lois elles-mêmes qui la régissent ont changé.</p>
<p>D’une certaine façon, c’est ce que le Rabbi voulait accomplir: changer la nature même de la matière humaine, du comportement de l’homme et de sa manière d’opérer. Chacune de ses rencontres avec les gens était une occasion d’essayer de transformer la nature de ses interlocuteurs en quelque chose de tout à fait différent. Comme s’ils devaient cesser d’être des êtres humains pour se métamorphoser en quelque chose de tout autre.</p>
<p>La première personne sur laquelle le Rabbi tenta une telle expérience fut... lui-même. On en trouve trace dans des lettres qu’il écrivit en 1950 aux ‘hassidim qui le poussaient à devenir leur nouveau Rabbi . Des lettres tout à fait inhabituelles pour le Rabbi, emplies d’émotions: “Comment puis-je accepter un tel fardeau? Je ne le mérite pas. Je ne le veux point. Cela n’est pas moi.” Il devait aussi écrire: «Je ne peux ni ne veux» accepter un tel poste. À certains, il dit : “ces ‘hassidim arrachent la chair de mes <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37030">os</span> lorsqu’ils me demandent d’être le Rabbi”. Si on lui avait posé la question d’”être ou ne pas être”, sa réponse aurait été celle de Beth Chammaï: “Ne pas être”. Mais il finit par le faire. Il entreprit de devenir quelque chose qu’il avait insisté ne pas être, en d’autres termes, de dépasser les dimensions d’un être humain.</p>
<p>Ce qui nous ramène à la question du <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> évoquée auparavant. Après deux ans et demi d’intenses débats, tous les Sages, sans exception, les optimistes comme les pessimistes, furent dans l’obligation d’admettre que l’être humain constituait une expérience ratée. Leur seule concession fut d’admettre: “Une fois que l’homme est né, qu’il fasse de son mieux!”. Mais il est une autre manière de répondre à la question, «être ou ne pas être». En dehors de “oui” ou par “non”, il existe une troisième réponse. Une troisième réponse que le Rabbi tenta de mettre en place. Au lieu de s’occuper du problème de savoir si l’homme mérite ou non d’exister dans cet univers, il proposa d’inventer un nouvel être humain, au travers d'une nouvelle catégorie d’existence qui permettrait de répondre positivement à la question.</p>
<p>Au fil des ans, le Rabbi devait intensifier son message à propos du Machia'h. À chacune de ses interventions, il revenait sur ce thème. En vérité, son tout premier discours en tant que Rabbi démontre que là devait porter son intérêt. Il exprima la même notion des milliers de fois, en répétant chaque fois la même idée: le Machia'h est sur le point d'arriver.</p>
<p>Or la venue de Machia'h n’a rien à voir avec un événement mineur qui surviendrait de temps à autre. Il s’agit en fait de la fin réelle de l’Histoire, alors que, non seulement les choses se seront améliorées mais que, tout simplement, elles occuperont leur véritable place. Tout ce que nous avons pu essayer au fil des générations trouvera son accomplissement. La venue du Machia’h se confond avec la résolution de tous les problèmes, avec le temps où le verbe échouer disparaîtra du vocabulaire humain : la fin des temps, ou, selon la terminologie biblique, la “fin des jours”. Une fin des hauts et des bas de l’histoire de l’humanité alors que quelque chose d’entièrement nouveau et différent sera créé.</p>
<p>Faire venir le Machia’h est cependant bien plus difficile que de créer l’État d’Israël ou les États-Unis d’Amérique. Cela revient à mener un changement totalement irréversible dans le monde. Face aux mouvements erratiques de l’existence, où chaque ascension se trouve suivie d’une chute, le Rabbi préférait viser plus haut en demandant aux gens d’accomplir ce qui dépassait leur possibilité. <i>Bé’hol méodé’ha</i>, c’est là l’expression qu’utilise la 'Hassidout pour désigner une telle attitude. Ce <i>Bé’hol méodé’ha</i> figure en fait dans le premier paragraphe du Chéma Israël et se traduit d’habitude par “tout ton pouvoir”. Il faudrait en vérité traduire par “tout ton surplus”. En d’autres termes, donner sa vie et tout ce que l’on possède, et puis ensuite, donner encore plus. Quel peut bien être ce surplus? Tout ce que nous ne pouvons pas faire.</p>
<p>Telle était donc là l’approche du Rabbi: imposer tant de travail sur une personne au point qu’elle se transforme en quelque chose d’autre. Le Rabbi n’était pas intéressé à créer une foison de professionnels de l'"outreach", à la recherche des juifs éloignés. Ce qu’il désirait, c’était littéralement changer les gens, jusqu’à leur propre essence. Il ne cessait d’ajouter de nouvelles exigences, sans jamais montrer satisfaction, car le but final - parvenir à ce nouveau degré d’existence, celui-là même où la matière, la structure de l’existence devaient s’effondrer pour laisser la place à la construction d’un nouveau cadre de la réalité - n’était pas encore atteint. Une nouvelle réalité qui serait plus compacte, moins creuse, meilleure. Il ne s’agissait pas de changer simplement quelques personnes çà et là. Cette nouvelle réalité émergerait à partir de ce que chacun d’entre nous, sans exception, devait accomplir. Pendant ces dernières années, lorsque le Rabbi criait que nous devions amener le “Machia’h maintenant”, il ne faisait que pousser de plus en plus fort, sans arrêt.</p>
<p>C’est que le Rabbi parlait de ce que nous ne pouvons pas faire, de ce qui dépasse nos capacités, de ce que nous ne pouvons pas opérer en l’espace d’une vie. Selon les dires de nos Sages, la venue du Machia’h correspond à notre entrée dans le monde de toutes les impossibilités, alors que nous serons en mesure d’accomplir non seulement ce que nous pouvons mais aussi ce que nous ne pouvons pas...</p>
<p>Le Rabbi voulait ainsi faire bien plus qu’atteindre quelque révolution. Son but était de parvenir à un changement irréversible de la nature humaine, à une modification du cours de l’histoire humaine dont il voulait qu’elle devienne complètement différente.</p>
<p>Le Rabbi comprenait les gens, il les saisissait si bien parce que beaucoup d’entre eux se révélaient à lui en faisant bien plus que se dénuder en sa présence. Les gens lui racontaient absolument tout, tous leurs échecs et toutes leur faiblesses. Et son message envers nous tous était, invariablement: “Courez! Si vous ne pouvez courir, marchez! Et si vous ne pouvez marcher, rampez! Mais en tout état de cause, avancez, avancez, avancez!”.</p>
<p align="right"> <i>Traduction et adaptation de l'anglais par Michel Allouche, Jérusalem.</i></p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">MALANDA MADJINOU Horvie</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Thursday, August 2, 2012 3:15:00 AM">August 2, 2012</span>
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La transformation, l'amour et la foi.
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Dans la marche avec le D.ieu d'Israel, on rencontre plusieurs difficult&#233;s. Au d&#233;part nous sommes anim&#233;s d'une volont&#233;, on s'efforce d'apprendre, des difficult&#233;s sont pr&#233;sentes, on sefforce d'avantage... et enfin, on fini par &#234;tre transform&#233;s.La transformaton est- elle indissociable de l'amour et de la foi? Je me demande bien.
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Marie Jeanne Krief</span>
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<span class="reader-source small_right_padding">via chabad77.org</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Thursday, July 29, 2010 1:12:00 PM">July 29, 2010</span>
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Réinventer l'homme le Rabbi
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Tout commentaire est d&#233;suet au regard de la puissance et de la hauteur de vue du Rabbi.<br />Cependant une remarque : l'homme change, <br />il peut s'&#233;lever plus rapidement s'il s'investit dans la recherche spirituelle avec une forte volont&#233;. pour atteindre le niveau de l'impossible &#224; la venue de Machiah !! Question : qu'en est-il de tous les hommes qui n'ont pas l'ombre de l'id&#233;e de cet effort &#224; fournir. Et s'il n'est pas utile de fournir cet effort ? ... Question : et si le Rabbi savait que l'homme est en retard ! Et s'il y avait un risque que Machiah ne vienne pas parce que l'homme est indigne ou pas pr&#234;t ? Combien d'hommes comprennent vraiment le message du Rabbi ? Et si son message &#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; du domaine de l'incompr&#233;hensible ? Nous nous sommes &#233;loign&#233;s de la v&#233;rit&#233; depuis les patriarches. Comment pouvons-nous savoir si nous nous en approchons &#224; nouveau ?? Nous n'avons plus de Rabbi pour nous le dire !! Ou bien .......
<a href="#" class="comment-reply-link" data-id ="1261317" data-author="Marie Jeanne Krief">Reply</a>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Chapon </span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Gap France</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, June 19, 2021 9:26:00 AM">June 19, 2021</span>
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<div class="in-reply-to">in response to Marie Jeanne Krief:</div>
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Je vous rejoins. Une telle médiocrité est survenue chez les humains ... devenus plus robotisés que jamais peut-être que tout ce dont parle ce sage les dépasse totalement. C'est même inintelligible et refusé. Les efforts, plus personne ne veut en faire. On veut une vie facile pleine de confort. Avec la pandémie de covid, j'ai bien vu dans mon pays sans foi ni loi ... que très peu de gens étaient changés. Ils retournent frileux heureux à la vie d'avant ce virus. Tout à l'air de repartir en effet comme si le virus avec les aménagements sanitaires individuels et collectifs de taille qu'il a demandé ne comptait plus ... une parenthèse sans morts ni grands malades ni endeuillés ni soignants éreintés ... un déni sauf au début. Disons 3 mois. Les francais ensuite n'ont plus tenu la route tels des enfants gâtés ingrats. Alors ce dont parle le rabbi .... mon dieu !! Il faut être plus qu'adulte pour l'entendre et l'appliquer . Les gens ne sont pas prêts à se changer ...
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Anonyme</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Wednesday, July 1, 2009 1:18:00 AM">July 1, 2009</span>
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PARFAIT !
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">tajszydler sara</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">elad, israel</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Sunday, July 6, 2008 3:35:00 PM">July 6, 2008</span>
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magnifique!!<BR>kol hakavod!!!!
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">M. Cohen</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Thursday, June 14, 2007 5:39:00 AM">June 14, 2007</span>
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Extraordinaire !!!! Sublime !!!!! 'Hazak !!!
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Altabe C.</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Bonneuil, France</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Tuesday, June 12, 2007 4:14:00 AM">June 12, 2007</span>
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Kol Hakavod
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L'adaptation en fran&#231;ais &#233;tait tr&#232;s agr&#233;able &#224; lire, merci. 
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Alain-Daniel</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Wednesday, July 28, 2021 1:25:00 PM">July 28, 2021</span>
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En visite en r&#233;animation aupr&#232;s de mon fr&#232;re, qui luttait p&#233;niblement apr&#232;s un pontage cardiaque et une insuffisance respiratoire li&#233;e &#224; un &#233;panchement pleural post-op&#233;ratoire, l&#39;&#233;quipe m&#233;dicale, me sachant m&#233;decin, me dit: il a une chance sur deux pour qu&#39;on soit oblig&#233; de le r&#233;-intuber , il s&#39;&#233;puise, sa saturation art&#233;rielle est insuffisante avec le syst&#232;me de ventilation non invasive. Apr&#232;s avoir demand&#233; &#224; D-ieu de m&#39;inspirer je lui dit franco &quot; la capacit&#233; de r&#233;sistance de l&#39;homme est quasi infinie&quot;. Je savais que l&#39;angoisse de mon fr&#232;re entra&#238;nait une respiration plus superficielle. Il me sourit incr&#233;dule mais se d&#233;tendit , respira plus profondement et s&#39;endormit, ce qu&#39;il n&#39;avait pas fait depuis plus de 24 h et deux heures plus tard, l&#39;&#233;quipe me dit &#231;a y est il a franchit une &#233;tape, plus besoin de prendre le risque de le r&#233;-intuber. <br />Le rabbin avait raison, nos capacit&#233;s sont plus grandes que nous le pensons, la confiance est primordiale.
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