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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">L’annulation des dettes: le prouzboul</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Questions et réponses sur l’annulation des dettes l’année sabbatique, et l’usage en vigueur</h2>
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<p><b>Je comprends que tous les sept ans il y a une année sabbatique pendant laquelle les agriculteurs israéliens laissent reposer leurs champs et où toutes les dettes sont annulées. Comment fonctionne cette annulation ? Que se passe-t-il si quelqu’un me doit de l’argent ? Suis-je vraiment obligé d’y renoncer ? J’ai entendu dire qu’il y a quelque chose qui s’appelle un <i>prouzboul</i> et qui permet en quelque sorte de contourner la loi. Qu’est-ce qu’il en est ?</b></p>
<p>Bonne question. Commençons par le début. Nous lisons dans le livre du Deutéronome :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Telle est la loi de la Chemita : que tout créancier relâche sa main de ce qu’il aura prêté à son prochain. Il ne fera pas pression sur son prochain ou sur son frère, car le temps de la rémission en l’honneur de D.ieu est arrivé.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a744548');" name="footnoteRef1a744548">1</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ceci nous enseigne qu’un des aspects de l’observance de la Chemita (le terme hébraïque pour désigner l’année sabbatique) est l’abandon de toutes les créances. Toute dette qui n’a pas encore été remboursée à la fin du dernier jour de l’année de Chemita est annulée. Même si un emprunteur souhaite rembourser sa dette, le prêteur ne peut pas l’accepter, à moins qu’il rappelle à l’emprunteur que la dette a été annulée et que celui-ci insiste pour lui donner l’argent malgré tout « à titre de cadeau ». (Il est en effet considéré louable pour un emprunteur d’agir ainsi.)</p>
<p>Dans le même temps, la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35052">Torah</span> nous interdit de nous abstenir de prêter de l’argent de peur que la Chemita annule le prêt, et nous ordonne de prêter volontiers en dépit du risque de ne pas être remboursé.</p>
<p>Dans les mots de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Garde-toi de nourrir une pensée perverse en ton cœur, en te disant : « La septième année, l’année de rémission, approche » et tu verrais ton frère nécessiteux d’un mauvais œil et tu ne lui donnerais pas... Tu lui donneras assurément, et ton cœur ne sera pas malheureux en lui donnant, car pour cela l’Éternel ton D.ieu te bénira dans tout ce que tu feras et dans tout ce que tu entreprendras.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a744548');" name="footnoteRef2a744548">2</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p><b>Qu’en est-il de nos jours entre prêteur et emprunteur ? Comment peut-on prêter de l’argent sachant que la dette sera effacée au bout de quelques années ?</b></p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Hillel vit que les gens évitaient de prêter de l’argent à mesure que l’année de Chemita approchait</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span> 
<p>Ce problème existe depuis plus de 2000 ans. Au premier siècle avant l’ère commune, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33664">Hillel</span> l’Ancien vit que les gens évitaient de prêter à mesure que l’année de Chemita approchait. Cela posait deux problèmes : 1) Les riches transgressaient l’interdiction de la Torah de se retenir de prêter par crainte de la Chemita. 2) Les pauvres qui avaient désespérément besoin de prêts n’en trouvaient plus. Il y remédia de manière innovante.</p>
<p>Hillel remarqua que la Torah nous dit que seules les dettes privées<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a744548');" name="footnoteRef3a744548">3</a> sont annulées par la Chemita : « Il ne fera pas pression sur <i>son prochain</i> ou sur <i>son frère</i>. » Si, en revanche, l’on doit de l’argent au tribunal (c’est-à-dire à la communauté), la Chemita n’affecte pas le prêt. Sur cette base, il institua le <i>prouzboul</i> : un mécanisme par lequel les dettes sont transférées à un <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31350">beth din</span></i> (tribunal religieux).<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a744548');" name="footnoteRef4a744548">4</a> En faisant un <i>prouzboul</i>, on rend ses créances privées publiques et donc exigibles.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a744548');" name="footnoteRef5a744548">5</a></p>
<p><b>N’est-ce pas un artifice conçu pour contourner une loi divinement prescrite ?</b></p>
<p>Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33943">Talmud</span><a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a744548');" name="footnoteRef6a744548">6</a> explique que, de nos jours, l’abandon des prêts dans le cadre de la Chemita n’est plus en vigueur selon loi biblique.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a744548');" name="footnoteRef7a744548">7</a> Ainsi, comme la Chemita que nous observons aujourd’hui est une institution rabbinique, Hillel avait le droit de contourner ces lois en fonction de la nécessité de l’époque.</p>
<p><b>Quand fait-on le <i>prouzboul</i> ?</b></p>
<p>Bien que les prêts ne soient pas annulés jusqu’à la <i>fin</i> de l’année de Chemita, certaines autorités ont statué qu’un prêteur ne peut exiger le paiement d’un prêt après le commencement de celle-ci (bien qu’il ait le droit d’accepter si l’emprunteur souhaite rembourser de son propre chef). Pour cette raison, beaucoup ont l’habitude de faire un <i>prouzboul</i> avant Roch Hachana immédiatement avant l’année de Chemita de sorte à pouvoir être remboursés tout au long de celle-ci. Une fois le <i>prouzboul</i> effectué, les prêts concédés par la suite nécessiteront un <i>prouzboul</i> supplémentaire.</p>
<p>D’autres se contentent de faire un <i>prouzboul</i> à la fin de la septième année, juste avant que les prêts soient annulés. Pour parer à toutes les éventualités, beaucoup font le <i>prouzboul</i> deux fois : une fois avant l’année de Chemita, et une nouvelle fois juste avant qu’elle ne se termine. Telle est la coutume ‘Habad.</p>
<p>Cette année, le dernier jour avant Roch Hachana sera lundi 6 septembre 2021 et il faut avoir fait son (premier) <i>prouzboul</i> d’ici là. Si cela n’a pas été fait, on peut le faire jusqu’à la veille du Roch Hachana suivant (jusqu’au dimanche 25 septembre 2022).</p>
<p><b>Que dois-je faire ?</b></p>
<p>Voici le texte hébraïque du <i>prouzboul</i> :</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>Haréni mosser lakhèm kol ‘hovot cheyèch li, chéégbéh otam kol zemane chéertsé.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>En voici la traduction en français (tout aussi valable) :</p>
<blockquote>
<p><b>« Je vous transmets [à vous le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3582308/jewish/What-Is-a-Beth-Din.htm" title="What Is a Beth Din?">Beth Din</a>] toutes les dettes qui me sont dues, de sorte que je puisse les recouvrer à tout moment, quand je le voudrai. »</b></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Il y a deux manières de transmettre le texte au <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35984">Beth</span> Din :</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Faites votre <i>prouzboul</i> en ligne</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span> 
<p>a) La manière la plus simple et la plus pratique est d’assister aux offices religieux du matin dans votre synagogue le jour avant Roch Hachana. Après l’office, une cérémonie d’<i>hatarat <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32891">nedarim</span></i> est accomplie au cours de laquelle chaque membre de la congrégation se tient devant un <i>beth din</i> composé de trois (ou, dans certaines communautés, de dix) de ses pairs et récite une déclaration d’annulation des vœux. (<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1287729/jewish/Loffice-du-matin.htm" title="L’office du matin">Cliquez ici</a> pour en savoir plus sur <i>hatarat <a href="/torah-texts/5450572/Talmud/Nedarim" title="Tractate Nedarim">nedarim</a></i>.) Immédiatement après avoir fait sa <i>hatarat <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33409">nedarim</span></i>, chacun récite le texte du <i>prouzboul</i> ci-dessus, transmettant ainsi par voie orale toutes les dettes à ce tribunal ad hoc.</p>
<p>b) Si ce qui précède n’est pas possible, vous pouvez transmettre vos dettes à un <i>beth din</i> par écrit. <a href="/tools/feedback_cdo/aid/2709151/jewish/Remplissez-un-prouzboul.htm" title="Remplissez un prouzboul">Cliquez ici</a> pour faire un <i>prouzboul</i> en ligne.</p>
<p><b>Que faire si personne ne me doit d’argent ?</b></p>
<p>En raison du caractère exceptionnel de la mitsva de <i>prouzboul</i>, le Rabbi de Loubavitch de mémoire bénie a encouragé tout le monde à faire un <i>prouzboul</i>. Il a suggéré que même quelqu’un qui n’a pas de créances à collecter, et donc n’a pas besoin d’un <i>prouzboul</i>, prête symboliquement une petite somme d’argent à quelqu’un d’autre afin d’être en mesure d’observer cette institution rabbinique si rare – mais si facile à accomplir – qu’est le <i>prouzboul</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a744548">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 15,2.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a744548">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 15,9-10.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a744548">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Il est important de noter que les différentes sortes d’obligations financières ne sont pas toutes considérées comme des prêts et ne sont donc pas toutes sujettes à être annulées par la Chemita. En cas de doute, consulter une autorité halakhique. Voir aussi la note 5.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a744548">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pour des raisons techniques, l’emprunteur doit avoir en sa possession un bien immobilier pour que le <i>prouzboul</i> prenne effet. Une location, une chambre d’étudiant ou même un endroit pour dormir dans la maison de vos parents est suffisant à cet effet. Dans le cas où l’emprunteur ne dispose d’aucun bien immobilier, le prêteur peut lui « prêter » momentanément une petite parcelle de terrain. Un rabbin doit être consulté sur la façon de faire cela d’une manière halakhiquement acceptable.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a744548">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">Selon la stricte lettre de la loi, on peut recouvrer une dette de nos jours, même sans l’usage d’un <i>prouzboul</i>. La raison ? « Puisqu’il est devenu habituel de recouvrer les dettes, même sans <i>prouzboul</i>, après la Chemita, et que l’emprunteur est au courant de cette habitude, c’est comme si le prêteur avait explicitement stipulé que le prêt ne serait jamais annulée, même par la Chemita. Dans un tel cas, l’emprunteur a pris sur lui une obligation [tout en sachant que] la Torah ne l’oblige pas à payer, et c’est une stipulation valable. » Toutefois, « toute personne craignant D.ieu se doit d’être rigoureuse et de faire un <i>prouzboul</i> » (Choul’hane Aroukh Harav, Lois des Prêts 35).<br>
<br>
<p>Il faut aussi considérer que le <i>prouzboul</i> est une mitsva rare et unique, qui est très simple à observer !</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a744548">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Guittine 36a.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a744548" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a744548" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a744548">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Depuis environ 2500 ans, les règles la Chemita agricoles ne sont pas en vigueur conformément à la loi biblique et les rabbins ont déduit du texte de la Torah que toutes les lois de la Chemita sont liées les unes aux autres. Ainsi, l’annulation des dettes n’est bibliquement en effet que lorsque les règles agricoles de la Chemita sont respectées.</p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Anonyme</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, September 12, 2015 8:09:00 PM">September 12, 2015</span>
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C&#39;est extraordinaire! Bien qu&#39;on parle des mitzvot sur lesquelles on en connait pas les raisons
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